Novice Pilots Improve Visual Responses to Emergency Simulation by Watching Experts' Eye Movements. Novice military pilots can improve their visual responses to a simulated emergency procedure by observing the eye movements of expert pilots, according to new research from SUNY Downstate Medical Center. Eme Program Downstate Prime. The Department of Surgery at Downstate and its academic residency program is part. SUNY Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn, NY - Get directions, phone number, research physicians, and compare hospital ratings for SUNY Downstate Medical Center on.

• Downstate Medical Center Ny

SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (Downstate) is a public medical school and hospital in New York City. It is part of the State University of New York (SUNY) system and the only academic medical center for health education, research, and patient care serving Brooklyn’s 2.5 million residents. As of Fall 2018, it had a total student body of 1,846 and approximately 8,000 faculty and staff.

Downstate Medical Center Ny

Downstate Medical Center comprises a College of Medicine, Colleges of Nursing and Health Related Professions, Schools of Graduate Studies and Public Health, and University Hospital of Brooklyn. It also includes a major research complex and biotechnology facilities.

SUNY Downstate ranks eighth nationally in the number of alumni who are on the faculty of American medical schools. More physicians practicing in New York City graduated from Downstate than from any other medical school. With 1,040 residents (young physicians in training), Downstate's residency program is the 16th largest in the country.

SUNY Downstate Medical Center is the fourth largest employer in Brooklyn. Eighty-six percent of its employees are New York City residents; 68 percent live in Brooklyn. The medical center's total direct, indirect, and induced economic impact on New York State is in excess of $2 billion. SUNY Downstate Medical Center attracted close to $100 million in external research funding in 2011, which includes $26 million from federal sources. It ranks fourth among SUNY campuses in grant expenditures, and second among SUNY's academic health centers.

• 2Academics
• 3Patient care

History[edit]

In 2010 SUNY Downstate celebrated its sesquicentennial, commemorating the year that the Long Island College Hospital (as it was then known) first opened its doors to students. Yet Downstate traces its roots back even further (to 1856) when a small group of physicians set up a free dispensary in Brooklyn to care for poor immigrants.

Known as the German General Dispensary, its original aim was to care for indigent Germans living in Brooklyn, but changing demographics soon required it to broaden its outreach. In 1857 it was reorganized as a charitable institution and renamed The St. John’s Hospital—the first of many name changes.

Officially chartered by the state in 1858 as the Long Island College Hospital of the City of Brooklyn, it was authorized to operate a hospital and confer medical degrees on candidates who attended two lecture courses and completed a three-year preceptorship under a practicing physician. The notion that care at the hospital bedside should be included as an essential part of medical training was revolutionary for its time, but other medical schools soon adopted the approach and it came to be regarded as essential pedagogy.

In 1860 the school officially opened its doors to 57 (male) students. It was one of only 11 medical schools to admit African American students. The first faculty included many distinguished physicians, such as Dr. Austin Flint, Sr., remembered for his role in introducing the stethoscope into standard medical practice in this country. Dr. Flint delivered the commencement address on July 24, 1860, when the school graduated its first new doctors.

In the following decades The Long Island College Hospital greatly expanded both its facilities and medical school curriculum. By the time of the First World War, admission was opened to women and postgraduate training had been introduced. In 1930 the college and hospital were separated from one another so that each would be under its own governing board. The following year, the school was rechartered as the Long Island College of Medicine.

In 1945, the college purchased a large tract of land that would become the site of the future Downstate Medical Center. The “Downstate” era began on April 5, 1950, with the signing of a merger contract between the State University of New York (SUNY) and the Long Island College of Medicine. The medical center came to be known as Downstate to distinguish it from the SUNY medical center in Syracuse, New York, which is known as “Upstate”. Several years later the current campus was built in the East Flatbush section of Brooklyn.

In 1954 President Dwight D. Eisenhower laid the cornerstone for the Basic Sciences Building. In the following years, the complex grew rapidly, with the addition of a student center and residence halls, as well as a nurses' residence. In 1966 Governor Nelson Rockefeller officiated at the dedication of University Hospital of Brooklyn (UHB), Downstate’s own teaching hospital. The School of Graduate Studies, the College of Health Related Professions, and the College of Nursing were established that same year. In 1987 Governor Mario Cuomo and Mayor Edward Koch helped break ground for the new Health Science Education Building, where most student classes now take place.

More recently, the medical center has entered a period of renewed growth and expansion. In addition to the completion of a multimillion-dollar capital improvement program for the hospital and new clinical and research facilities, the campus has expanded to include a Biotechnology Park and Advanced Biotechnology Incubator, and School of Public Health. The School of Public Health was structurally engineered by Leslie E. Robertson Associates, and designed by Ennead Architects.

The Advanced Biotechnology Incubator, designed for start-up and early-stage biotech companies, includes a commercial synthetic chemistry facility. Construction is underway to develop biotech research and manufacturing at the Brooklyn Army Terminal. These initiatives are part of a strategic plan to position SUNY Downstate as the center for biomedical discovery and development in Brooklyn.

Academics[edit]

SUNY Downstate offers students a broad professional education that prepares them for practice or careers in any location and community. The vast majority of students are drawn from the New York City metropolitan area. Many have immigrant backgrounds and are members of racial and cultural groups who are underrepresented in the health professions. The differences in background and outlook enhance the quality of the educational experience of all students.

Downstate's Colleges of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Related Professions and its School of Graduate Studies and School of Public Health collectively offer more than 30 health-focused programs.

College of Medicine[edit]

The College of Medicine, which grants the MD degree, is the 32nd oldest college of medicine in the country. With approximately 800 enrollees, it is one of the largest colleges of medicine in New York State. It ranks eighth out of 140 accredited medical schools in the nation in the number of alumni who hold faculty positions at U.S. medical schools. More physicians practicing in New York City graduated from Downstate's College of Medicine than from any other medical school.

In addition to granting the MD degree, the College sponsors a combined MD/PhD degree with the School of Graduate Studies.

School of Graduate Studies[edit]

Of the School of Graduate Studies' three multidisciplinary core programs, Neural and Behavioral Science is the oldest. Faculty research in the neurosciences is especially deep, ranging from the molecular to the behavioral. The Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology has concentrations in cardiovascular, fundamental cellular and molecular biology, cancer biology, and more. Vmware workstation 9 free download for windows 8 32 bit free download. The Program in Biomedical Engineering, run jointly with the Polytechnic Institute of NYU, features concentrations in neurorobotics, imaging, and materials.

The School of Graduate Studies has also partnered with the College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CSNE) of the University at Albany to offer a combined MD/PhD degree program in nanoscale medicine. This clinical scientist education program provides hands-on training in the development and application of nanotechnology to advance health care. MD training at Downstate is coupled with PhD training in either nanoscale science or nanoscale engineering.

School of Public Health[edit]

The first new school established at SUNY Downstate since 1966, the School of Public Health was launched in 2001 as an MPH degree program within the Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health in the College of Medicine. In 2008 it declared school status and was fully accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health in 2010. It currently offers five master's and three doctoral programs, as well as combined degree programs.

College of Health Related Professions[edit]

An upper-division undergraduate and graduate school, the College of Health Related Professions has graduated close to 4,000 allied health professionals since its establishment in 1966. Approximately 80 percent of students have four-year college degrees in other fields upon enrollment. Its direct-entry midwifery program was the first of its kind in the nation.

College of Nursing[edit]

The College of Nursing offers an undergraduate, upper-division RN-to-BS degree program for students who are already licensed as professional nurses and an Accelerated BS program for students who hold a degree in another field and seek basic preparation for beginning nursing practice. The college is one of only four nursing schools in New York State to offer master's degree programs in all advanced nursing practice roles.

Patient care[edit]

University Hospital of Brooklyn[edit]

University Hospital of Brooklyn (UHB) offers comprehensive, advanced medical care throughout Brooklyn. It includes a full-service, comprehensive hospital site (UHB at Central Brooklyn) plus a free-standing Urgent Care and Ambulatory Surgery Center in Bay Ridge and nine ambulatory satellite sites. UHB is licensed for 882 beds and annually provides care to over 300,000 patients. UHB is an 8-story facility with 8 intensive care and step-down units, 12 operating rooms, an adult and pediatric ER, diagnostic and ambulatory surgery facility, and 75 outpatient clinics. The flagship location for UHB, Central Brooklyn includes three community-based health centers in the neighborhoods of East New York, Bedford-Stuyvesant, and Midwood, plus a freestanding Dialysis Center.

Specialized services[edit]

• Comprehensive cardiovascular services, including 24/7 angioplasty services and heart surgery;
• Comprehensive neurological services, including diagnosis and treatment for stroke, epilepsy, sleep disorders, and Alzheimer's disease;
• Adult/pediatric emergency services: the ER receives more than 68,906 patient visits a year [2010 data for University Hospital Central Brooklyn location];
• Kidney transplantation and dialysis – the only transplant and pediatric dialysis centers in Brooklyn.
• Sports medicine;
• HIV/AIDS treatment and support services — Downstate is a designated AIDS treatment center;
• Maternal and infant health—Downstate is a designated Regional Perinatal Center.

HEAT (Health and Education Alternatives for Teens) Program[edit]

HEAT^[3] is a program established and directed by Dr. Jeffrey Birnbaum which offers culturally competent care for youth who are living at high risk of developing HIV/AIDS. HEAT has a special focus on care for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth but does not limit its services to these populations. The program offers comprehensive clinical services for HIV/AIDS patients as well as sexual health and transgender care services.

HEAT is actively involved in community outreach and Dr. Brinbaum has received various awards for his efforts in combating HIV/AIDS ^[4]

Brooklyn Free Clinic[edit]

The Brooklyn Free Clinic (BFC)^[5] is a student-run free clinic operated primarily by the students of the College of Medicine. The BFC offers medical and psychiatric care and health maintenance screening to the uninsured populations of Brooklyn.

The clinic hosts an annual conference on health seen through the eyes of medicine, art, technology and community called BFC What's Next.^[6] The clinic has won multiple awards for its advertisement campaigns including a gold medal in conjunction with CDMiConnect at the 2014 MMM Awards for their 'We Need U' campaign^[7] and a bronze medal at the CLIO Healthcare Awards.^[8]

SUNY Downstate at Bay Ridge[edit]

SUNY Downstate at Bay Ridge serves the communities of Bay Ridge/Dyker Heights, Bensonhurst, and Sunset Park. It features a walk-in Urgent Care Center, Ambulatory Surgery Center, Advanced Endoscopy Center, and Laser Vision Correction Center. It has onsite laboratory and radiology diagnostic facilities and medical offices for doctors in many clinical specialties.

Research[edit]

SUNY Downstate is an important research facility where scientists and clinicians explore many urgent health problems. Historically, areas of research strength include cardiovascular biology, neuroscience, and instrumentation. Current strengths include GABAergic inhibition, learning and memory mechanisms; pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiomyopathy; robotic prosthetic devices; HIV/AIDS; pain and addiction; optical tomography imaging technology; and fundamental cell biology (mechanisms of transcription and translation).

Downstate’s role as the only academic medical center in Brooklyn is central to its powerful role in clinical, translational, and public health research. Downstate’s research spans the entire “bench to bedside” spectrum as an integrated entity, bringing together basic scientists, clinical researchers, and practitioners with common interests.

Downstate is the fourth highest grant recipient of SUNY’s 64 campuses. In FY 2011, sponsored research programs, including those funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), DARPA, and private foundations, totaled over $60 million. Downstate is the only healthcare facility in Brooklyn that holds the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology.

Notable faculty[edit]

• Alexander Skene, MD - authority on women’s diseases; discovered the paraurethral glands known as Skene’s ducts (1880).

• Robert L. Dickinson, MD - published first “modern” pamphlet on voluntary birth control (1931).

• Chandler McCuskey Brooks, PhD - the Graduate School’s founder, laid much of the groundwork in spinal cord and hypothalamic physiology, and cardiac pacemaker function (1950s).

• Robert Furchgott, PhD - awarded Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology for research on nitric oxide (1998).

• Carl Axel Gemzell, MD/PhD - first to use FSH to treat anovulatory women.

Research centers and major laboratories[edit]

• Alzheimer's Disease Research Program
• Brooklyn Center for Health Disparities
• Center for Biomedical Imaging
• Center for Cardiovascular Muscle Research
• Center for Neurorobotics and Neuroengineering
• Center for Treatment and Study of Endometriosis
• Cancer Research Focus Group
• Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory (Genetics of Alcoholism)
• HIV Center for Women and Children
• Northeast Terrorism Preparedness, Training, Education, and Research Center
• Transgenic Mouse Core Facility

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'Fast Facts - SUNY'. www.suny.edu.
2. ^ ^ab'Facts About SUNY Downstate'. 2010-04-28. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
3. ^'HEAT'. Heatprogram.org. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
4. ^Joanna DelBuono (2013-12-12). 'Standing O salutes SUNY Downstate's Dr. Jeffrey Birnbaum for his award-winning youth work'. Brooklyndaily.com. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
5. ^'About'. Brooklyn Free Clinic. 2013-12-28. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
6. ^'whatsnext2014'. Bfcconference2014.wix.com. Retrieved 2015-03-04.
7. ^'CDMiConnect and Brooklyn Free Clinic for 'We Need U' MM&M Awards'. Awards.mmm-online.com. Archived from the original on 2015-01-11. Retrieved 2015-03-04.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
8. ^'CLIO Healthcare Awards Integrated Campaign - Grand CLIO Winners'. Cliohealthcare.com. Retrieved 2015-03-04.

External links[edit]

The SUNY Downstate College of Medicine is one of the seven medical schools located in New York City and the sole medical school in the borough of Brooklyn, serving its 2.6 million residents.

• 3Student activities

Medical education[edit]

SUNY Downstate College of Medicine's Integrated Pathways curriculum addresses several core competencies - Medical Knowledge, Systems Based Practice, Professionalism, Interpersonal & Communications, Practice Based Learning and Improvement and Patient Care. Each of these must be completed to be awarded an M.D.

The college of medicine offers several pathways to graduation including joint degree programs and special tracks including:^[3]

• MD/Ph.D.
• MD/MPH
• MD Medical Educators Pathway
• MD Clinical Neuroscience Pathway
• MD Global Health Pathway

In clinical years students rotate at several different hospitals including:^[4]

• University Hospital of Brooklyn (In-house)
• Kings County Hospital (In-house) - named the first level 1 trauma center in the US and the only level 1 pediatric trauma center in Brooklyn
• Downstate at Bay Ridge (In-house)
• Brooklyn Veterans Administration Hospital

In 2015, SUNY Downstate students matched to almost 18% of all offered EM/IM combined residency positions. 26 additional students matched to emergency medicine programs at institution including UCLA and the University of Pittsburgh.^[5][6][7]

Admissions[edit]

The 2018 entering class averaged an undergraduate GPA of 3.74 and MCAT of 514. In the same cycle 5390 prospective students applied for 203 spots in the first year class.^[8]

Student activities[edit]

The Anne Kastor Brooklyn Free Clinic[edit]

The Anne Kastor Brooklyn Free Clinic (BFC)^[9] is a student-run free clinic operated primarily by the students of the College of Medicine. The BFC offers care and health maintenance screening to the uninsured populations of Brooklyn. The clinic was renamed The Anne Kastor Brooklyn Free Clinic in memory of Anne Kastor who helped founding faculty member of the clinic and passed from ovarian cancer in 2013.^[10][11] So dedicated to the spirit of student run clinics, Dr. Kastor went on to become the Director of the Weil Cornell Community Clinic at Weil Cornell Medical College.^[12]

The clinic hosts an annual conference on health seen through the eyes of medicine, art, technology and community called BFC What's Next.^[13] The clinic has won multiple awards for its advertisement campaigns including a gold medal in conjunction with CDMiConnect at the 2014 MMM Awards for their 'We Need U' campaign^[14] and a bronze medal at the CLIO Healthcare Awards.^[15]

The BFC operates several clinical, educational and outreach services including:

• Women's Health Night - One night per month dedicated to issues of women's health
• Work Physical Night - One night per month dedicated providing work clearance and helping increase community productivity
• BFC Community Outreach - Engagement in surrounding neighborhood
• BFC RISE (Routine Intervention through Screening and Education) - HIV/HCV counseling, syringe exchange counseling and harm reduction.
• Emergency Response - Responsible for clinic mobilization in case of emergency (e.g. mobile clinic establishment in Red Hook during Hurricane Sandy)
• Pharmacy Assistance
• Patient Education and Health Promotion

Arthur Ashe Institute for Urban Health[edit]

In 1992, Arthur Ashe established the Institute in partnership with SUNY Downstate intentionally. ^[16]

Downstate Ethics Society[edit]

In partnership with the John Conley Division of Medical Ethics and Humanities at the medical center, the society aims to expose students to ethical issues surrounding all aspects of health care.^[17]

Other clubs and organizations[edit]

Clubs and societies at SUNY Downstate are not limited to the college of medicine but also involve the other schools at SUNY Downstate including the College of Health Related Professions (CHRP), College of Nursing, School of Graduate Studies and School of Public Health. Clubs are tailored to a diverse range of interests including human rights, music, ethnic dialogues, ethics, specialty interest groups and global health among many other things.^[18] Keriann Shalvoy of the class of 2017 currently sits on the Board of Directors for Physicians for a National Health Program - NY Metro.^[19]

Facilities[edit]

The College of Medicine is located at 450 Clarkson Avenue in the East Flatbush neighborhood of Brooklyn. Most of the preclinical learning activities take place in the Health Sciences Education Building located at 395 Lenox Road.

Clinical rotations take place at University Hospital of Brooklyn (UHB); the main teaching hospital at SUNY Downstate, Kings County Hospital Center, located just across the street from UHB, the Brooklyn Veteran's Administration Hospital, Staten Island University Hospital among other places.

History[edit]

SUNY Downstate College of Medicine was founded in 1860 as the Long Island College Hospital school of medicine. The site where the Downstate Medical Center stands was purchased in 1946. In 1950 the State University merged with Long Island College Hospital to form SUNY Downstate Medical Center.^[20]

Notable physicians and researchers[edit]

• Louis Bauer - Credited as 'the father of orthapaedic surgery in the United States'^[21]
• Henri Begleiter - Former Professor of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. Made important discoveries about alcoholics and their offspring.
• Jeffrey Birnbaum M.D. M.P.H. - Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Public Health. The director of the one of a kind HEAT program offering a wide range of HIV and transgender services to at risk youth in New York City.^[22]
• Jeffrey S. Borer, MD - Professor and Physician in the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine is a senior editor of The Medical Roundtable^[23]
• John A. Boockvar - Prominent neurosurgeon and Professor of neurological surgery at Hofstra-North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine graduated from Downstate College of Medicine
• Howard Choi - Principal editor of the PM&R Handbook and Assistant Professor of Rehabilitation Medicine at Mt. Sinai graduated from Downstate College of Medicine
• James E. Cottrell - Dean for Clinical Practice, Distinguished Service Professor and Chairman of the Department of Anesthesiology. Former editor-in-chief of the Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology.^[24][25]
• Raymond Vahan Damadian - Former Professor and inventor of the MR Scanning Machine. First person to perform full body MR scan on a human.
• Clarence Dennis - Chair of the Department of Surgery (1951), inventor of one of the first cardiopulmonary bypass machines. Successfully used his at Downstate in 1955.
• Marian Dunn, Ph.D. - Clinical Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Director of the Center for Human Sexuality and member of the advisory panel for BetterSex^[26]
• Richard D. Feinman - Professor of Biochemistry, medical researcher with focus on human metabolism. Dr. Feinman is an outspoken proponent of the low carbohydrate diet of which he has written several papers and a book.
• Austin Flint - Former Professor of Pathology and Practical Medicine. Founder of Buffalo Medical College (SUNY Buffalo) and identifier or the murmur of severe aortic regurgitation.
• Robert F. Furchgott - Ph.D. - Recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology
• John Hartung - Professor of Anesthesiology and former Associate Editor of the Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology
• Adrian Kantrowitz - Alumni and inventor of the intra-aortic balloon pump and left ventricular assist device. His team performed the first pediatric heart transplant at Maimonides Medical Center
• Samuel L. Kountz - Former Professor of Surgery and Chairman of the department. While at Stanford, he performed the first successful kidney transplant between non-identical humans
• Hans Kraus - Former Associate Professor. Kraus' studies led to President Dwight D. Eisenhower establishing the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. He also served as the secret back doctor to President John F. Kennedy.
• Sheldon H. Landesman M.D. - Professor of Medicine and pioneer in the fight against AIDS in Brooklyn^[27]
• Julius Lempert - Alumnus and father of modern otology.^[28]
• Susan Love - Alumni and prominent advocate of preventive breast cancer research. She is currently Professor of Surgery at David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
• Stephen Macknik, PhD - Professor of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Physiology & Pharmacology. Neuromagic founder, Scientific American MIND columnist and co-author of the popular book Sleights of Mind.^[29][30][31]
• Susana Martinez-Conde, PhD - Professor of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Physiology & Pharmacology. Co-author of the book, Sleights of Mind.^[31] Director of the Martinez-Conde Laboratory at Downstate.^[32]
• A. L. Mestel - Alumni and pioneer in the field of pediatric surgery. Especially known for the first successful separation of Ischiopagus Tripus conjoined twins
• James B. Ranck, Jr. - Distinguished Professor of Physiology and discoverer of head direction cells.
• Todd C. Sacktor M.D. - Professor of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neurology and pioneer in memory research^[33]
• Peter T. Scardino - Professor of Urology and Chair of the Department of Surgery at Memorial Sloan Kettering
• Alexander Skene - Completed his medical education at Long Island College Hospital. Gynecologist who described what became known as Skene's glands
• Ralph Snyderman - Chancellor for Health Affairs and Dean of the School of Medicine at Duke University from 1989 to 2004 graduated from Downstate in 1965
• T. K. Sreepada Rao - Former Professor of Medicine and Associate Director of Renal Diseases

References[edit]

1. ^'Dean's Message', 2015
2. ^'Class Profile'. sls.downstate.edu.
3. ^'College of Medicine: Integrated Pathways Curriculum'. sls.downstate.edu.
4. ^'Quick Guide To Clerkships'(PDF).
5. ^'Residency Placement Lists'. sls.downstate.edu.
6. ^'Main residency match'(PDF). www.nrmp.org. 2015. Retrieved 2019-06-29.
7. ^'Doximity Residency Navigator'. Doximity.
8. ^'Medical School Admission Requirements®'.
9. ^'About Us'.
10. ^Marcus, David (2013). 'A Remembrance, Dedicated to Dr. Anne Kastor'. emimdoc.org. Retrieved 2015.Check date values in: access-date= (help)
11. ^'Anne Sarah Kastor'. legacy.com. 2013. Retrieved 2013.Check date values in: access-date= (help)
12. ^'Weill Cornell Community Clinic - Directors Emeriti and Founders'.
13. ^'whatsnext2014'. whatsnext2014.
14. ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2015-01-11. Retrieved 2015-03-04.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
15. ^'CLIO Healthcare Awards - Integrated Campaign - Grand CLIO Winners'. CLIO Healthcare Awards.
16. ^'[Arthur Ashe Institute for Urban Health] About AAIUH'.
17. ^'Ethics Society'. SUNY Downstate Medical Center. 2015. Retrieved 2015.Check date values in: access-date= (help)
18. ^'Student Clubs & Organizations'. sls.downstate.edu.
19. ^'People'. Physicians for a National Health Program-NY Metro Chapter.
20. ^'About SUNY Downstate'. sls.downstate.edu.
21. ^'The National cyclopaedia of American biography, being the history of the United States as illustrated in the lives of the founders, builders, and defenders of the republic, and of the men and women who are doing the work and moulding the thought of the present time'. New York, J. T. White company – via Internet Archive.
22. ^'HEAT - Health & Education Alternatives for Teens – Health & Education Alternatives for Teens'.
23. ^'TMR Cardiovascular - Editorial Board'. The Medical Roundtable. 10 September 2013.
24. ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2015-04-26. Retrieved 2015-06-04.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
25. ^'Editorial Board : Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology'. journals.lww.com.
26. ^'Marian E. Dunn, PhD - relationship and sexual therapy - Garrison NY and NYC'. mariandunn.com.
27. ^'AIDS Doctors'. archive.nytimes.com.
28. ^Krisht, KM; Shelton, C; Couldwell, WT (2015). 'Early Conquest of the Rock: Julius Lempert's Life and the Complete Apicectomy Technique for the Treatment of Suppurative Petrous Apicitis'. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 76 (2): 101–7. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1389372. PMC4375049. PMID25844295.
29. ^'Macknik Lab - SUNY Downstate Medical Center'.
30. ^'Stories by Stephen L. Macknik'. Scientific American.
31. ^ ^ab'Sleights of Mind - What the Neuroscience of Magic Reveals About Our Everyday Deceptions'.
32. ^'People - Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience : : Susana Martinez-Conde, Director'.
33. ^'Department of Physiology and Pharmacology - Todd C. Sacktor, MD'. www.downstate.edu.